La Gerbetière, mansion owned by Audubon's father in Couëron, where young Audubon was raised In 1788 he arranged for Jean and in 1791 for Muguet to be transported to France. Increasing tension in Saint-Domingue between the colonists and slaves, who greatly outnumbered them, convinced the senior Jean Audubon to return to France, where he became a member of the Republican Guard. Due to repeated uprisings of slaves in the Caribbean, he sold part of his plantation in Saint-Domingue in 1789 and purchased a 284-acre farm called Mill Grove, 20 miles from Philadelphia, to diversify his investments. He had long worked to save money and secure his family's future with real estate. After his release, he helped the American cause. During the American Revolution, he had been imprisoned by Britain. Bouffard also took care of the infant boy Jean. Following Jeanne Rabin's death, Audubon renewed his relationship with Sanitte Bouffard and had a daughter by her, named Muguet. His father already had an unknown number of mixed-race children (among them a daughter named Marie-Madeleine), some by his mixed-race housekeeper, Catherine "Sanitte" Bouffard (described as a quadroon, meaning she was three-quarters European in ancestry). His mother died when he was a few months old, as she had suffered from tropical disease since arriving on the island. Another 1887 biographer has stated that his mother was a lady from a Louisiana plantation. He was the son of Lieutenant Jean Audubon, a French naval officer (and privateer) from the south of Brittany, and his mistress, Jeanne Rabine, a 27-year-old chambermaid from Les Touches, Brittany (now in the modern region Pays de la Loire). Early life Īudubon was born in Les Cayes in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) on his father's sugarcane plantation. Dozens of scientific names first published by Audubon are still in use by the scientific community. He is the eponym of the National Audubon Society, and his name adorns a large number of towns, neighborhoods, and streets across the United States. Audubon is also known for identifying 25 new species. His major work, a color-plate book titled The Birds of America (1827–1839), is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed. He was notable for his extensive studies documenting all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations, which depicted the birds in their natural habitats. His combined interests in art and ornithology turned into a plan to make a complete pictorial record of all the bird species of North America. John James Audubon (born Jean-Jacques Rabin Ap– January 27, 1851) was a French-American self-trained artist, naturalist, and ornithologist.
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